- What is privileged access?
- What is a privileged user?
- What are privileged accounts?
- Types of privileged accounts
- What are privileged credentials?
- What is privileged access management?
- How does privileged access management work?
- PAM vs IAM vs PIM
- Privilege threat vectors
- PAM best practices
- Benefits of implementing PAM security
- PAM key features
Before diving deep into privileged access management as a security discipline, its importance, and implementation measures, let us discuss some key components of privileged access management: privileged access, privileged users, privileged accounts, and privileged credentials.
What is privileged access?
Privileged access is a type of IT system access that grants special rights to the access holder. Users with privileged access can execute actions that a standard user cannot. Actions that generally qualify as privileged operations include modifying server settings, changing passwords, accessing business data systems, installing a new program, running critical services, adding user profiles, conducting maintenance activities, and altering network configurations.
Today's enterprise IT teams largely rely on critical user accounts called privileged accounts to provide users with privileged access to various information systems in the network. While privileged accounts remain the top choice for privileged access provisioning in the current IT landscape, other rarely used options include biometric authentication and smart cards.
In some cases, organizations completely secure a physical server, workstation, data center device, or any system that has sensitive information, then prohibit direct access to that machine. In such circumstances, direct physical access to the machine means that the user has privileged access. Such users are often referred to as privileged users.
What is a privileged user?
Privileged users are users who are authorized to have elevated access to part of or the entire IT infrastructure network via possession of one or more privileged accounts or any other mode of access.
Commonly known privileged users include IT workers like system administrators, network architects and administrators, database administrators, business application administrators, DevOps engineers, and other IT heads. At times, a third-party contractor helping out with a firm's IT operations or business requirements and maintenance may also have inside access to the firm's network.
Typically, a privileged user is a specific type of enterprise IT user. Other IT users include standard users and power users.
Types of enterprise IT users
Standard users
These are regular users who have non-powerful accounts to access business applications on a daily basis to perform routine operations. Standard users normally do not have access to any sensitive information systems.
Power users
Power users have some additional permissions compared to standard users. A common example is in-house IT staff members who help out with end-user workstation management. Such users receive marginal account access elevation that provides them with specific permissions, like remote access to local workstations and databases.
Privileged users
These are your all-important users. Privileged users are usually limited in number. They carry the highest risk to an IT environment and require 24/7 surveillance.
What are privileged accounts?
Privileged accounts are enterprise accounts with elevated user privileges compared to non-privileged accounts. Privileged accounts can be human accounts, application-based accounts (such as machine-to-machine or application-to-application accounts for automated actions), or service accounts.
Using a privileged account, a user can perform functions and access resources that they would not be able to otherwise. This includes accessing and modifying sensitive servers, applications, databases, and other business-critical endpoints.
Types of privileged accounts
There are different types of privileged accounts spread across the enterprise. They could be:
- 01
Domain administrator accounts
Domain administrator accounts have admin privileges at the domain level, enabling them to perform domain actions such as manage domain level configurations, access, manage domain groups, etc., in directories like Active Directory.
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Local administrator accounts
Local administrator accounts have admin privileges for a specific server, endpoint, or workstation, facilitating administrator actions at a machine level.
- 03
Service accounts
Service accounts are used to run specific applications or services required for that service/application.
- 04
Application privileged accounts
Application privileged accounts provide administrative access specific to an application.
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Super administrator accounts
Super administrator accounts or break-glass accounts have full access across the enterprise and are used in case of emergencies.
What are privileged credentials?
Privileged credentials are credentials used by privileged users to gain access to sensitive accounts, servers, databases, applications, and other sensitive endpoints. Besides passwords, privileged credentials also include secrets such as SSH keys, API keys, tokens, and certificates.
Now that we have a basic understanding of the PAM fundamentals, let us examine how privileged access management works.
What is privileged access management?
Privileged access management (PAM) is a crucial component of IT security that deals with a set of technologies and principles used to secure, manage, and control privileged access to sensitive resources within an organization's network.
Privileged access management or PAM refers to a set of IT security management principles that help businesses isolate and govern privileged access, manage privileged accounts and credentials, control who can be given what level of administrative access to which endpoints, and monitor what users do with that access.
How does privileged access management work?
Privileged access management is the process of entrusting select users with elevated access (aka privileged access) to business-critical resources, accounts, and credentials that are essential to their job functions. In the case of task-specific access, once the task is done, the access provided to the user is revoked.
In other words, with privileged access, privileged users gain access to privileged accounts, credentials, systems, servers, databases, and more to carry out vital tasks, including managing and modifying these accounts and resources. Privileged access management is the process of governing and managing this access.
Although providing privileged access is important to allow employees to carry out job-critical functions, it also involves a high risk of exposure. Since privileged users have access to multiple key credentials and resources, a compromised privileged user or account can prove to be costly.
Therefore, privileged access management also involves continuous monitoring of privileged users to ensure they do not misuse their access rights. This requires regularly reviewing assigned privileges and revoking excess rights whenever a user's role in the organization changes.
How is PAM different from IAM and PIM?
Although privileged access management is used interchangeably with identity and access management (IAM) and privileged identity management (PIM), let us look at how they differ.
- 01
IAM is a security framework for identifying, authenticating, and providing access to users. IAM consists of special policies, controls, and solutions to manage identities in an enterprise. IT managers leverage an IAM solution to control access to databases, assets, networks, applications, and resources within their organization. Typically, IAM applies to all users in an organization.
- 02
Privileged access management is a subset of IAM that deals only with managing privileged access. PAM mainly pertains to privileged users who have elevated access to sensitive resources, applications, and accounts. PAM focuses on users and accounts that pose a higher security threat and data breach risk by having privileged access. IT admins use a PAM solution to track, audit, and manage privileged users, identities, accounts, and sessions.
- 03
PIM, a subclass of PAM, includes essential security controls and policies limited to managing and securing privileged identities, such as service accounts, usernames, passwords, SSH keys, and digital certificates, that provide access to sensitive information.
To summarize, IAM covers the broader access patterns across all enterprise verticals, encompassing all users, systems, resources, and assets. PIM and PAM, on the other hand, cover access patterns surrounding privileged resources and systems.
Privilege threat vectors
Unchecked privileges are a silent threat to today's businesses. Because privileged access to a critical information system is the crown jewel for a cyberattacker, a privileged user account in the wrong hands is a dangerous weapon that can easily bring down an enterprise. Furthermore, privileged access is one of the most difficult cyberattack vectors to discover; some breaches resulting from privilege abuse and misuse can actually go undiscovered for months or more.
Why is privileged access management important for enterprises?
Poor management of privileged access and privileged accounts can expose enterprises to different privilege threats and risks, such as the following:
External privilege threat vectors
"65% of breaches being caused by external threat actors" - Verizon's 2024 Data Breach Investigations Report
Privileged accounts are a favorite among attackers looking to gain full access to sensitive data servers without attracting suspicion. Hackers usually manipulate gullible, privileged users (via phishing, spoofed websites, and other tactics) into giving up information that allows the attackers to circumvent the firm's security and gain network access.
Once inside, hackers immediately prowl around for unmanaged privileged credentials and escalate themselves to domain administrator status, which provides them with unrestricted access to highly sensitive information systems. The best way to tackle this threat is to completely lock down all privileged credentials in a central, encrypted vault; enforce role-based controls; mandate multi-factor authentication for vault access; and log all incoming requests.
Internal privilege threats
At times, the biggest threats are the ones that are closer to home. Likewise, insider privilege misuse is a rapidly growing concern today in organizations of all sizes. The Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report 2024 indicates that internal privileged threat actors have caused 35% of breaches, growing from 20% the previous year.
Internal privileged users with the wrong intentions, such as those seeking personal gain, can cause more damage than external parties. The inherent trust placed in insiders enables them to take advantage of their existing privileges, siphon off sensitive data, and sell it to an external party without the organization noticing until it is too late.
To protect critical information assets from such malicious internal actors, it is vital to constantly monitor every privileged user's activities in real time and leverage behavior anomaly detection and threat analytics.
Privilege risks due to negligent employees
76% of breaches involved the Human Element, including Social Attacks, Errors and Misuse - Verizon's 2024 Data Breach Investigations Report
Careless employees are a difficult threat to manage without proper privileged access management. They are users who do not understand the significance of cybersecurity. They recklessly leave critical user credentials lying around for hackers to find or they sometimes share their access privileges with unauthorized employees.
A typical example is DevOps engineers dumping their codes, which contain authentication tokens for internal servers, on open platforms like GitHub and forgetting about them. Such dangerous practices can only be controlled by robust privileged access governance that ensures, along with comprehensive auditing, that every privileged activity can be linked to a specific user.
Privilege threats due to remote vendors and ex-employees
Remote vendors make up the extended business network of an organization. They usually include contractors, consultants, partners, third-party maintenance teams, and service providers who require privileged access to your internal infrastructure for a variety of business needs. Many organizations depend on multiple contractors to get work done. In today's digital world, this means third-parties have access to your internal network for business requirements and therefore pose the same threat as insiders.
Another type of user who presents the same risk is an unhappy or financially motivated ex-employee. Disgruntled employees who have moved on from the firm but still posses access rights can leverage them to gain illegitimate access, steal data, and sell it to hackers. Handling such threat scenarios requires regularly reviewing employees' and contractors' privileges and removing needless rights.
More privileges than necessary
Often, users are overprivileged, having access rights that are far more than what they need to perform their job duties. As a result, there is a gap between granted permissions and used permissions. In such instances, it is important to apply the principle of least privilege (PoLP) by providing only the minimum amount of permissions required to complete a work task. Without a proper privileged access management system to enforce least privilege security and to monitor user actions, overprivileged user accounts can be leveraged for illegitimate access.
Privileges that are never rescinded
Forgotten privileges are dangerous. IT administrators often provision users with privileged access to data servers and then fail to revoke the access. Without a tool to track who has been given what privileges, retracting permissions is a cumbersome task. This means users continue to hold privileges even after their job is done, and they have the opportunity to execute unauthorized operations. In this case, a privileged access management tool can help IT managers grant users the least required privileged access with timing presets. Once the stipulated time is up, the tool revokes the privileges automatically.
Privilege risks due to unclear records
This is a subtle threat that can emerge as a huge disadvantage if your organization suffers a data breach. Without comprehensive privileged activity logs and clear evidence that can provide context about the incident in question, forensic investigations can fail, destroying your brand's reputation and the trust you have built with your customers.
Privileged access, unless completely managed with powerful controls and constantly monitored, can subject your organization to the risk of data overexposure and consequently result in business disruption, lawsuits, investigation costs, and reputation damage.
Privileged access management should be one of your top long-term security projects to eliminate weaknesses in your cybersecurity posture and successfully neutralize emerging privileged access risks.
How to protect privileged accounts with PAM?
Emerging cyber trends suggest that attackers do not always rely on sophisticated tools or attack methods to breach the security perimeters of an organization. All they need is one compromised privileged account or a weak credential to gain unlimited, unrestricted access to business-sensitive information. Therefore, real-time monitoring, regular auditing, and secure governance and management of privileged accounts are integral parts of privileged access management.
Let us dig deep into some PAM best practices and key features to look out for in a PAM solution.
Privileged access management (PAM) best practices
Privileged access management best practices can be classified into three phases: before, during, and after the delegation of privileged access to a certain system.
01. Before the delegation of privileged access
Before providing access, the privileged access management process typically begins with taking stock of active, critical endpoints across on-premises, cloud, and virtual platforms in your network.
Upon asset discovery, the next step is consolidating the associated privileged accounts and SSH keys (or any user authentication entities that provide elevated permissions, such as smart cards) in a secure, central vault. This vault must be protected by multiple layers of encryption with military-grade algorithms like AES-256 or RSA-4096.
Other measures include the following:
- 01
Validate vault login requests before approving them by cross-checking with user profiles in the in-house identity governance and provisioning service to ensure the concerned user's role necessitates privileged access.
- 02
Enforce multiple layers of strong authentication for vault login, including one-time passwords, two-factor authentication, and single sign-on.
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Enable a user to checkout a privileged account or other credential only upon approval by IT managers or IT admins.
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Impose time-based access restrictions on the credential that is checked out, which enables the automatic revocation of delegated permissions after a specific period.
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Log all credential requests with timestamps.
02. During the delegation of privileged access
Next, while assigning a party privileged access, the chief principle is to enforce the least privilege model built upon role-based controls. This ensures that the user, who has already proven their identity through multiple authentication levels, is provisioned with only the minimum amount of rights needed. This usually means implementing the following measures:
- 01
Tunnel privileged sessions through gateway servers and encrypted channels to avoid direct connection to the target information systems from the user device. To enhance security further, enable users to log in to the PAM solution and launch privileged connections with a single click, upon which the tool authenticates the user in the background. This practice bypasses the need to disclose the privileged credentials to the user.
- 02
Use ephemeral certificates to authenticate and authorize privileged sessions. Ephemeral certificates are automatically generated and provisioned during privileged access so users do not have to input the credentials while connecting. The certificates automatically expire after the session is complete.
- 03
Supply limited privileges, such as application-specific access permissions during an RDP session, or allow only certain commands in an SSH terminal session.
- 04
Enforce just-in-time (JIT) elevation controls with PAM software. Elevating privileges for employees only when required can help prevent the buildup of unused or unneeded access rights, reducing risk. JIT controls enable users to log in as themselves instead of relying on a shared privileged account, greatly increasing accountability. This method is also referred to as privilege elevation and delegation management (PEDM). For the ideal JIT least privilege model, you can set up a privileged access management system that interfaces with your in-house identity governance tool. This coalescent structure can make implementation easier with role-based controls.
- 05
Record all privileged sessions and archive them as video files. It is also beneficial to oversee ongoing sessions simultaneously (either manually or automatically) to detect any anomalies in real time, such as the passing of malicious commands.
03. After the delegation of privileged access
The foremost thing to remember in this phase is that after the job is done, privileged access should be revoked. Once permissions are rescinded, the privileged credential (password or SSH key) should also be automatically checked back into the vault and immediately reset using strict policies to ward off any unauthorized access in the future.
Additional initiatives for solid security are as follows:
- 01
Implement comprehensive privileged user activity logging as part of your PAM solution. The audit trails should instantly capture all events concerning privileged account operations, user login attempts, workflow configurations, and task completion and should include timestamps and IP addresses. Integrating your privileged access auditing platform with your in-house event logging service can help you correlate endpoint and privileged access data. This gives your IT teams a consolidated dashboard for mapping privileged access with overall system operations, increasing visibility and situational awareness in privileged user monitoring. The combined logs give you more context, which can aid in decision-making when responding to security incidents within the network.
- 02
Tie in AI- and ML-driven anomaly detection to identify threats from unusual behavior. An effective privileged access management tool should spot hidden threats even before they take shape. For a more proactive stance, make your PAM solution work with anomaly detection. Establish a baseline behavior for privileged operations in your network, then leverage AI and ML to incorporate risk scoring for every user action. This enables the tool to recognize outliers based on the location, time, or role and to use this to calculate a weighted risk score. When an action’s risk score is higher than the norm, automated alerts are sent to IT admins to help them stop any potentially harmful activity in its tracks.
- 03
Leverage blended analytics for intelligent insights into risks that are affecting your business. Audit logs are most useful when studied by an advanced analytics platform that presents insights based on all the facts at hand. Similarly, your privileged access audits and reports can offer better insights when you correlate them with business services. For instance, mapping privileged access requests raised in your PAM tool to network issues or incidents in your IT service desk can offer you a deeper understanding of what is going on within your environment, enabling meaningful inferences and quicker remedies.
Benefits of implementing PAM security
Implementing privileged access management brings numerous advantages to your organization, enabling effective management and security of your privileged servers, workstations, credentials, and users. Here are some key benefits of PAM security:
- Complete visibility: Keep track of all privileged activity, users, resources, and accounts in your enterprise from a single console.
- Cyber-threat protection: Safeguard your privileged accounts and resources from internal and external cyber-threats by controlling and monitoring privileged access.
- Secure password vaulting: Securely vault, manage, and share credentials, reducing the risk of credential exposure, unauthorized access, and credential theft.
- Secure remote sessions: Securely launch remote sessions to critical endpoints.
- Privileged session monitoring: Monitor, record, and terminate privileged sessions and guard against suspicious activity.
- Just-in-time access: Provision just-in-time access to eliminate standing privileges, reducing the attack surface and minimizing security risks.
- Principle of Least Privilege: Adhere to the principle of least privilege by granting access based on job requirements and approvals, minimizing excess privileges.
- Machine identity management: Manage all your non-human identities including SSL certificates, SSH keys, service accounts, application credentials, DevOps secrets, and more.
- Automated Workflows: Set up secure, automated business workflows to make your enterprise processes more secure, efficient, and consistent.
Key features to look for in a PAM solution
The ideal PAM solution for your enterprise must go beyond password management and provide a one-stop shop for all your PAM needs.
Let us explore the key features to expect from PAM software:
Privileged account governance and credential management
Privileged account governance is a key part of any PAM tool. An unmanaged privileged account can single-handedly bring down an enterprise. Through privileged account governance, you can implement fine-grained, role-based access controls (RBACs) for users. RBACs ensure that your privileged accounts are not exploited by rogue insiders, external attackers preying on unsuspecting employees, negligent employees, malicious ex-employees, remote vendors, and others.
Using privileged account governance and the PoLP, you reduce the area of exposure by providing only necessary, task-specific access levels to users. Privileged account governance also facilitates secure sharing of privileged credentials and accounts with select users on a timed, need-only basis. A PAM solution with this implemented prevents privilege abuse and unauthorized access and alerts you to abnormalities.
Privileged credential management refers to the vaulting, periodic rotation, and secure storage of privileged credentials and secrets. Using a PAM solution, you can vault passwords, tokens, and SSH keys; retrieve lost credentials; and rotate credentials on a regular basis.
The ideal PAM solution facilitates the vaulting and secure sharing of credentials with human users, generates credentials, brokers privileges, rotates secrets, resets credentials periodically, and manages the authorization of non-human entities (such as machines, applications, services, and DevOps pipelines).
Automated discovery
Most enterprises have thousands of privileged accounts, endpoints, and credentials, and it is impossible to discover and onboard all of them manually. A PAM tool needs to let you discover privileged accounts and resources in bulk and manage them from a single, centralized dashboard. With a PAM solution, you can also automatically discover the services, endpoints, and credentials associated with the discovered accounts and resources.
PEDM
PEDM is a part of privileged access management and is designed to provide users with temporary, granular privileges based on specific requirements. Granting users higher privileges and permanent access to privileged accounts introduces significant security risks. Even through accidental exposure, such standing privileges give attackers access to an organization's most valuable resources.
PEDM in PAM solutions aims to solve this problem by allowing users and applications to access privileged information using a time- and request-based approach. In other words, access to sensitive information is given for a stipulated time based on the validation of the user's requirements, and these privileges are revoked after that time.
Privileged session management
Privileged session management refers to the launching, real-time monitoring, management, and recording of sessions involving privileged access. Privileged sessions pose a significant cybersecurity threat if left unchecked. Therefore, it is important to authorize the initiation of sessions through a PAM tool and monitor sessions in real time so that they can be terminated if there is suspicious activity. By using a PAM solution that supports privileged session management, you can also record privileged sessions for future analysis and get instant alerts when necessary.
Real-time auditing
The audit record of a privileged session includes what the event was, which user or application initiated the event (including the IP address and device type), what operations were performed during the entire session, and the date and time of the event. Audit trails create accountability for each action, ensuring that suspicious activities and system failures can be backtracked to understand their origins.
In addition, maintaining audit trails for privileged access is a component of compliance standards, such as HIPAA, SOX, and the PCI DSS, which expect organizations to monitor and capture all the actions performed by privileged accounts.
Integrations
Your overall enterprise IT management needs extend beyond a PAM solution, so it is important for your PAM software to seamlessly integrate with the other IT management solutions and business applications used in your environment. Contextual integrations provide a holistic view of the privileged activities across your organization. Although it is not essential to integrate all IT functions with each other, doing so contextually eliminates duplicate actions and redundancies, thereby improving the overall security and productivity of your IT team.
Integrating your PAM solution with other IT management tools will help you automate access provisioning and privileged operations, govern human and non-human user accounts, achieve compliance, and do even more across different enterprise verticals. Additionally, a holistic view into privileged activities, user behavior, and analytics across your digital environment allows you to correlate user behavior and privilege abuse patterns as well as identify and understand threat vectors to prevent future security incidents.